By Andrew Aloia BBC Sport Last updated on 11 October 2021 11 October 2021 . From the section Football Watson was a trailblazer who helped transform how football was played There are two murals of black footballers facing one another across an alleyway in Glasgow. One helped shape football as we know it, the other is Pele. Andrew Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England on his debut in 1881. He was a pioneer, the world's first black international, but for more than a century the significance of his achievements went unrecognised. Research conducted over the past three decades has left us with some biographical details: a man descended of slaves and of those who enslaved them, born in Guyana, raised to become an English gentleman and famed as one of Scottish football's first icons. And yet today, 100 years on from his death aged 64, Watson remains something of an enigma, the picture built around him a fractured one. His grainy, faded, sepia image evokes many differen
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CREW DRAGON’S SHORT HOP BEGINS THE ERA OF VALET PARKING AT THE ISS
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CREW DRAGON’S SHORT HOP BEGINS THE ERA OF VALET PARKING AT THE ISS
They weren’t scheduled to return to Earth until April 28th at the earliest, so why did NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover, and Shannon Walker, along with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi Noguchi, suit up and climb aboard the Crew Dragon Resilience on April 5th? Because a previously untested maneuver meant that after they closed the hatch between their spacecraft and the International Space Station, there was a chance they weren’t going to be coming back.
On paper, moving a capsule between docking ports seems simple enough. All Resilience had to do was undock from the International Docking Adapter 2 (IDA-2) located on the front of the Harmony module, itself attached to the Pressurized Mating Adapter 2 (PMA-2) that was once the orbital parking spot for the Space Shuttle, and move over to the PMA-3/IDA-3 on top of Harmony. It was a short trip through open space, and when the crew exited their craft and reentered the Station at the end of it, they’d only be a few meters from where they started out approximately 45 minutes prior.
The maneuver was designed to be performed autonomously, so technically the crew didn’t need to be on Resilience when it switched docking ports. But allowing the astronauts to stay aboard the station while their only ride home undocked and flew away without them was a risk NASA wasn’t willing to take.
What if the vehicle had some issue that prevented it from returning to the ISS? A relocation of this type had never been attempted by an American spacecraft before, much less a commercial one like the Crew Dragon. So while the chances of such a mishap were slim, the crew still treated this short flight as if it could be their last day in space. Should the need arise, all of the necessary checks and preparations had been made so that the vehicle could safely bring its occupants back to Earth.
Thankfully, that wasn’t necessary. The autonomous relocation of Crew Dragon Resilience went off without a hitch, and SpaceX got to add yet another “first” to their ever growing list of accomplishments in space. But this first relocation of an American spacecraft at the ISS certainly won’t be the last, as the comings and goings of commercial spacecraft will only get more complex in the future.
UNPRECEDENTED ACTIVITY
During the Space Shuttle years NASA didn’t have to worry about relocating their spacecraft, as there was never more than one of the winged orbiters in space at the same time. But since the Shuttle was capable of simultaneously carrying seven crew members and an incredible amount of cargo, this wasn’t a problem. All of NASA’s operational needs on the ISS were more than met by a single vehicle.
Of course, all that changed when the Shuttle was retired in 2011. NASA began making deals with its international partners, and eventually even commercial companies, to bring crew and cargo to the Station on a wide array of smaller and more operationally nimble spacecraft. Today these vehicles, in addition to Russia’s Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, occupy most of the available docking and berthing ports on the ISS at any given time. In the coming years even more commercial spacecraft are expected to be brought online, meaning traffic is only going to get worse at the orbiting outpost.
All of the spacecraft docked to the ISS as of April 9th, 2021.
With the US segment of the ISS now busier than ever, NASA is faced with a logistical challenge that their Russian counterparts are already well accustomed to. This may have been the first time an American spacecraft had to be relocated to another docking port during a mission, but to date, 19 Soyuz capsules have had to make similar treks; the most recent of which having just occurred a few weeks prior on March 19th.
A COMPLICATED DANCE
Given that Resilience ended up moving to a docking port that’s only a few meters away from where it was originally, it’s easy to think the whole thing was some kind of experimental proof of concept. Perhaps as a test for future, more complex maneuvers. But in fact, the two International Docking Adapters are currently the only spots on the ISS where commercial vehicles such as the Crew Dragon, Boeing’s Starliner capsule, and eventually Sierra Nevada’s Dream Chaser spaceplane, can attach. In short, while the destination will alternate, port relocations for US spacecraft will always be a short hop.
But why? What difference could a trip of such a short distance make? The answer lies in the unique design of the Dragon’s Cargo variant, which is able to carry large bulky objects in the hollow “trunk” behind the pressurized capsule. Generally speaking cargo brought up in the rear of the Cargo Dragon is intended to be mounted to the outside of the Station, and is retrieved from the spacecraft using the orbiting laboratory’s robotic arm. As it so happens, this is how both IDA-2 and IDA-3 were delivered to the Station in 2016 and 2019.
The trick is, Station’s arm can’t reach into the trunk of the Dragon if it’s docked to Harmony’s forward port. That’s not a problem currently, as Resilience isn’t carrying any external cargo. But it will be in June, when a Cargo Dragon delivers a new set of deployable solar arrays for the Station as part of the CRS-22 mission . To further complicate matters, another four astronauts are slated to dock with the Station at the end of April aboard Crew Dragon Endeavour.
A rendering by Raffaele Di Palma illustrates the limited reach of the Station’s robotic arm.
That meant Resilience needed to move to PMA-3/IDA-3 so Endeavour can dock to PMA-2/IDA-2 at the end of the month. Then once Resilience leaves, the upper docking port will be free to accept CRS-22 in June so the solar arrays can be removed from its trunk with the robotic arm. After CRS-22 departs, Endeavour will need to make its own “up and over” hop to PMA-3/IDA-3, as a Boeing Starliner needs to dock at PMA-2/IDA-2 as part of its first test flight to the Station in July.
Sound complicated? That’s because it is. But unfortunately for NASA, unless plans for a commercial expansion to the International Space Station go through, this is the orbital game of “musical chairs” they’ll be forced to deal with. With only two viable docking ports available for current and future spacecraft, the United States should quickly catch up with their Russian counterparts when it comes to the fine art of spacecraft juggling. Except now those relocations will be autonomous.
Put a multi-dock extension on the docking port, problem solved.
The Russians had plans for a spherical hub module that could be used this way, turn one open port into 5 or what have you. But I think it was canceled, or at least, pushed back until they figure out what their post-ISS station will look like.
By Andrew Aloia BBC Sport Last updated on 11 October 2021 11 October 2021 . From the section Football Watson was a trailblazer who helped transform how football was played There are two murals of black footballers facing one another across an alleyway in Glasgow. One helped shape football as we know it, the other is Pele. Andrew Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England on his debut in 1881. He was a pioneer, the world's first black international, but for more than a century the significance of his achievements went unrecognised. Research conducted over the past three decades has left us with some biographical details: a man descended of slaves and of those who enslaved them, born in Guyana, raised to become an English gentleman and famed as one of Scottish football's first icons. And yet today, 100 years on from his death aged 64, Watson remains something of an enigma, the picture built around him a fractured one. His grainy, faded, sepia image evokes many differen
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There are a lot of people, but the oceans are very big. Rosley Majid/EyeEm via Getty Images If everyone on Earth sat in the ocean at once, how much would sea level rise? March 29, 2021 2.07pm SAST Author Tony E. Wong Assistant Professor of Mathematical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology Disclosure statement Tony E. Wong does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Partners Rochester Institute of Technology provides funding as a member of The Conversation US. The Conversation is funded by the National Research Foundation, eight universities, including the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Rhodes University, Stellenbosch University and the Universities of Cape Town, Johannesburg, Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pretoria, and South Africa. It is hosted by the Universities of the Witwatersrand and Western Cape, the African
Put a multi-dock extension on the docking port, problem solved.
Do you prefer the Belkin or Star-Tech model?
The Russians had plans for a spherical hub module that could be used this way, turn one open port into 5 or what have you. But I think it was canceled, or at least, pushed back until they figure out what their post-ISS station will look like.
They need a few more Space Port 101s, Swizzels had it all planned out for them in 1979…
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