To avoid being identified as a pyramid scheme, many new such schemes disguise themselves through the use of other shapes, including circles, flower looms and mandalas. And instead of referring to your entrance fee as an initial payment, it is referred to as a gift from which everyone in the ‘sacred space’ benefits.
These types of pyramid schemes – also referred to as gifting circles, sou-sou or blessing looms – are illegal and can cause financial harm to their unsuspecting victims. Many such schemes go to great lengths to avoid being identified as pyramid schemes by using circular or floral diagrams in their marketing material. But, the hallmarks of a pyramid scheme cannot be denied, and would-be victims need to know how to look past the pictures to find the hidden danger that lies therein.
The mechanics of a pyramid scheme
The mechanics of a pyramid scheme rely on two things, namely (a) an upfront entry fee or initial payment with the promise of significant returns often in a short space of time, and (b) the requirement to recruit new members to the scheme. Members who join a pyramid scheme generally move through different levels until they reach the highest level – at which point they are paid out their promised ‘returns’. In order to ensure that the scheme can pay them their ‘returns’, they need to keep recruiting members underneath them. This is because the entrance fees paid by the new recruits are used to fund the ‘returns’ paid to the member at the top. As there are a finite number of people in the world, new recruits to the scheme i.e. those in the wide base of the pyramid, or in the outer rung of the circle – eventually dry up and the scheme collapses.
Financial hardship is a breeding ground for pyramid schemes
In times of unprecedented hardship such as those brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic, pyramid schemes tend to gain greater traction, especially when coupled with the power of social media. And yet, the current rise of pyramid schemes or ‘gifting circles’ seems to have found a wider audience, also targeting those who are feeling isolated, alone, fearful and distrustful of the traditional economy which in many sectors has been battered by the pandemic.
In many instances, the wording of the scheme’s marketing material speaks of female empowerment, the rejection of patriarchy, and of one’s inherent right to financial abundance and prosperity – reminiscent of the religious prosperity gospel. Very often, there is a rejection of the way traditional investments work, and a promise to do things differently by working together in a close, sacred community – the result of which is that the universe will conspire to make everyone in the community wealthy beyond their imagination. Such schemes generally provide a safe space for those who are financially desperate, lonely and suffering personal hardship to meet, encourage and support each other in their ‘journeys to abundance’.
The problem with ‘gifting circles’
The term ‘gifting circle’ is problematic and misleading because there is essentially no gift involved. The ‘gift’ is in reality an entrance fee that is paid to the member at the highest level or inner rung as a return on their initial investment. If it were truly a gift, there would be no expectation on the part of the giver to receive anything in return, which is not the case. The ‘gift giver’ pays the fee with the intention of ultimately moving to the highest level or rung so that she can receive her promised investment return. Nothing is for free in a gifting circle and they only thing members are buying into is a promise.
Marketing tactics
The marketing material distributed by such schemes generally tends to use floral and spiritual language, drawing the reader away from the maths. To avoid sounding like an investment scheme, membership levels are referred to by ethereal names such as seed, sapling, lotus and blossom, or earth, water, fire and air – creating a sense of belonging to a greater universe. Generally, there is an element of exclusivity around joining the scheme where new recruits are advised they have been hand-selected to join a private group of like-minded individuals, with only a handful of invitations being available.
New recruits are encouraged to attend information sessions where existing members share their testimonials of their substantial gains as a motivation for joining. Frighteningly, new recruits are often encouraged to extend their home loans, sell cars or take out personal loans in order to join. One particular ‘gifting circle’ doing its rounds in South Africa has a $500 entrance fee with a promise of a $4 000 payout every month. New recruits are not encouraged to ask too many questions, but rather to focus on the community, to develop an appreciation for solidarity economics, and to believe that the universe will manifest financial abundance. Sadly, the nature of such schemes means that new recruits need to leverage off and exploit current relationships, with family members, friends and colleagues being first in line to be invited.
The spiritual and psychological appeal creates a sense amongst the scheme’s members that they belong to something greater than just an investment scheme and, as such, it is easier for the exponential nature of the maths to be masked. Members are encouraged to meet regularly so as to share stories, encourage new members, give testimonies of their new-found wealth, and support each other on their journeys to abundant wealth.
The reality, however, is that it is simply not possible to keep recruiting new members for each cycle of the gifting circle and eventually no more new members will be found, at which point the entire scheme will start collapsing. When members eventually realise what is happening, they are very often too ashamed to admit they have been conned. Further, many tend to remain in the scheme in the hopes of recovering some of their money rather than abandoning the scheme altogether, keeping in mind that those who choose to leave the scheme often suffer a nasty backlash from existing members who are relying on their membership in order to be paid their returns.
Reporting the scheme is difficult because all information pertaining to the scheme has been passed along between close friends, family members, colleagues, and often religious leaders, and no one wants to risk exposing those close to them to higher authorities. Unfortunately, because of this, pyramid schemes tend to fly below the radar for extended periods of time, finding more victims, until they ultimately collapse.
How to identify a pyramid scheme
If you’re invited to join a gifting circle, pyramid scheme, sou-sou, blessing loom or empowerment network, regardless of the underlying shape used to support the structure, here are some tips to identify such a scheme:
- If you are promised high returns which are not market-related over a very short period of time, be wary.
- If your returns are dependent on you recruiting new members to the group, proceed with caution. Recruitment of new members is a hallmark of pyramid schemes. Ask questions and demand answers. Why do I need to bring new members into the group? What happens when I can’t find any more people to join?
- Pyramid schemes require you to make an upfront payment to join the scheme, often referred to as a ‘gift’. Where does this money go? How is it invested? What underlying investments are used to generate returns? Is the company registered? Where is the proof?
- Exclusivity and secrecy are common characteristics of pyramid schemes so look out for phrases such as limited time, private group, closed community, limited access, and inner circle. Why the need for privacy and secrecy? Why place limits on the number of people who can join? What makes it exclusive?
- Generally, the business model of the scheme is difficult to understand and is shrouded in flowery, spiritual language. Can you draw a diagram explaining how the scheme works, where the money flows, and how your returns are generated?
- Such schemes have different membership levels which can be depicted through layers on a mandala, concentric circles, rungs on a pyramid, or some other shape. If you are required to move through various membership levels, be very wary.
- Check whether the scheme has a link to an established organisation. Does it have a website and a registered address? Is it registered with the Financial Services Conduct Authority? What legal documentation and/or contract has been presented to you to sign?
- What bank account details have you been given to pay your ‘gift’ or entrance fee into? Is it a corporate bank account? Ask questions about who your money is being paid to, for what purposes, and what legal recourse you have if something goes wrong.
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