By Andrew Aloia BBC Sport Last updated on 11 October 2021 11 October 2021 . From the section Football Watson was a trailblazer who helped transform how football was played There are two murals of black footballers facing one another across an alleyway in Glasgow. One helped shape football as we know it, the other is Pele. Andrew Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England on his debut in 1881. He was a pioneer, the world's first black international, but for more than a century the significance of his achievements went unrecognised. Research conducted over the past three decades has left us with some biographical details: a man descended of slaves and of those who enslaved them, born in Guyana, raised to become an English gentleman and famed as one of Scottish football's first icons. And yet today, 100 years on from his death aged 64, Watson remains something of an enigma, the picture built around him a fractured one. His grainy, faded, sepia image evokes many differen
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A 'ring of fire' solar eclipse will bring a subdued sunrise to the northeast US and Canada on Thursday
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The sun will appear partially eclipsed at dawn for parts of North America.
A partial solar eclipse as seen during sunrise in the coastal town of Gumaca, in the Philippines, on May 21, 2012. (Image credit: Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty)
For those who live on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, or New York State and New England, as well as southern portions of Ontario and Quebec, the sunrise of Thursday (June 10) will bring a striking image of a crescent sun rising in the east-northeast. That's because the moon will be passing across a portion of the sun in the first solar eclipse of the year.
To see the crescent sunrise, find a flat, clear horizon free of any obstructions. It's probably a good idea to do some location scouting in the days before so you're not hastily searching before dawn on the key morning. Some high rooftops or some shorelines may provide just such a view.
With the summer solstice coming only 10 days later, the sun is now coming up at its earliest possible, but it will be well worth foregoing some sleep if the local weather conditions allow.
If you snap a photo of the 2021 annular solar eclipse let us know! You can send images and comments to spacephotos@space.com.
Many locations will see four-fifths or more of the sun's diameter hidden by the new moon as it emerges from beyond the east-northeast horizon, and with so much of the sun covered, one might wonder whether the eclipse will have any influence on the overall illumination of the sky. Will daybreak seem dimmer compared to a normal morning with a round, full sun shining?
The only way to know is to make sure that you're out there early; check out if the pre-sunrise morning twilight looks creepy, since the eclipse will get underway well before sunup. Atmospheric refraction of sunlight could produce some colorful mirage images at sunrise.
It will probably be too early in the day for the eclipse to dim the landscape — but then again, with so much of the sun covered, sunlight will be coming only from the sun's darker limbs and not as much from its bright disk. So, perhaps the effect won't diminish the brightness of sunlight as much as it will alter its quality; overall illumination may appear strangely "dusky" or amber-colored.
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Analog studies
It might be worth looking back at past eclipses where a similar fraction of the sun was covered to see what sky effects were noted by observers.
In his autobiography: "Starlight Nights," Leslie C. Peltier wrote of his observation of a partial solar eclipse on June 8, 1918. From his Delphos, Ohio home, the eclipse reached 77.5% coverage. When the eclipse reached its peak, Peltier described the overall scene: "The nearby fields, the distant vistas, all seemed wrapped in some unearthly early twilight. The sky seemed darker — shadows faint and indistinct. A cool wind, almost chilly had sprung up from the west."
For a solar eclipse occurring on March 7, 1970, Sky & Telescope magazine in its May 1970 issue reported observer impressions from a number of locations. From Chicago where the magnitude of the eclipse was 72%, one person commented on the "abnormal blueness of the sky and the deep yellow hue of the weakened sunlight." Another report from Ottawa, Ontario commented that "The surroundings appeared very odd, almost as if illuminated by half a dozen full moons," near mid-eclipse (83%).
This map shows how the solar eclipse of June 10, 2021 will appear from cities in the eastern U.S. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
On July 10, 1972, a partial eclipse reached 79.5% coverage over New York City. The next day, according to The New York Times, "Trees and clouds looked as if they were being seen through Polaroid glasses; glare was lessened" at the peak of the eclipse. Interestingly at this upcoming eclipse, the magnitude of the eclipse for New York will be practically the same: 79.7%, eight minutes after sunrise.
The eclipse outside annularity
No place in the United States will see the "ring of fire." However, parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Dakota, as well as a slice of southeast Manitoba, and southwest Ontario provinces would witness the annular phase — except it happens below the horizon prior to sunrise; a "faux zone" of an annular eclipse.
This map shows how the eclipse will appear from select cities that will see partial phases of the event. (Image credit: Sky & Telescope)
From Fargo, North Dakota, for example, the ring forms at 4:56:06 a.m. Central Daylight Time and lasts just over three and a half minutes. It's too bad that the sun will be about 6 degrees below the east-northeast horizon! By the time the sun finally comes up at 5:36 a.m., the magnitude will have shrunk to just 26.5% with the moon rapidly retreating off the sun's disk.
The table below provides specifics for five locations very near to or within the "faux annular eclipse path." Provided is the duration of "faux annularity" in minutes and seconds, the time of sunrise and its accompanying magnitude values, along with the time of the end of the eclipse.
Locations within the "faux zone" of the June 10 eclipse. (All times local)
Location
Max. eclipse
Duration
Altitude
Magnitude
Eclipse ends
Minneapolis, MN
4:51:19
—
-5.7°
30.4%
5:46:53
Duluth, MN
4:52:30
2m 52s
-3.8°
52.2%
5:48:42
Fargo, ND
4:56:06
3m 34s
-5.7°
26.5%
5:51:24
Winnipeg, MB
4:59:42
2m 11s
-3.3°
54.3%
5:55:48
Minot, ND
5:01:00
2m 21s
-6.3°
62.7%
5:55:54
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All five cases are for where maximum eclipse is around 6 degrees or less below the horizon — a time known as "civil twilight" — when the sky normally becomes bright enough for motorists to turn off their headlights. But on June 10 the skyglow may be quite subdued or perhaps even briefly missing due to the annular phase already in progress. Minneapolis is not within the faux annularity path, but just outside its southern limit.
If any high cloud cover is present along the eastern horizon, the sky may look especially funky. Depending on the sky's clarity and the amount and type of local cloud cover on eclipse morning, perhaps the moon's shadow itself will be evident, projected low on the eastern sky, though most likely any darkening will have no noticeable shape or outline.
It would help to compare what the sky looks like just before sunrise on June 10 to that of June 9 and June 11, especially using a wide-angle camera lens or better yet a video or rapid sequence of photographs of the eastern sky which ultimately could prove to be quite dramatic.
Solar Eclipse Viewing - Choosing Glasses and Filters
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It's always a bad idea to stare at the sun without protective equipment, even during an eclipse. To safely observe any solar eclipse, you'll need to use special solar eclipse glasses. If you're using a telescope or binoculars, it is imperative that you outfit them with proper solar filters, as looking at the sun through a magnifying lens can do serious, permanent damage to your eyes.
Editor's Note: If you snap an amazing solar eclipse photo and would like to share it with Space.com's readers, send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to spacephotos@space.com.
Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com.
By Andrew Aloia BBC Sport Last updated on 11 October 2021 11 October 2021 . From the section Football Watson was a trailblazer who helped transform how football was played There are two murals of black footballers facing one another across an alleyway in Glasgow. One helped shape football as we know it, the other is Pele. Andrew Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England on his debut in 1881. He was a pioneer, the world's first black international, but for more than a century the significance of his achievements went unrecognised. Research conducted over the past three decades has left us with some biographical details: a man descended of slaves and of those who enslaved them, born in Guyana, raised to become an English gentleman and famed as one of Scottish football's first icons. And yet today, 100 years on from his death aged 64, Watson remains something of an enigma, the picture built around him a fractured one. His grainy, faded, sepia image evokes many differen
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