By Andrew Aloia BBC Sport Last updated on 11 October 2021 11 October 2021 . From the section Football Watson was a trailblazer who helped transform how football was played There are two murals of black footballers facing one another across an alleyway in Glasgow. One helped shape football as we know it, the other is Pele. Andrew Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England on his debut in 1881. He was a pioneer, the world's first black international, but for more than a century the significance of his achievements went unrecognised. Research conducted over the past three decades has left us with some biographical details: a man descended of slaves and of those who enslaved them, born in Guyana, raised to become an English gentleman and famed as one of Scottish football's first icons. And yet today, 100 years on from his death aged 64, Watson remains something of an enigma, the picture built around him a fractured one. His grainy, faded, sepia image evokes many differen...
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NASA’s Perseverance rover prepares for Mars landing
NASA’s Perseverance rover prepares for Mars landing
In a crater left by an ancient lake, the Perseverance rover will hunt for traces of microbial life, launch Mars’s first helicopter and gather rock samples to send back home.
The United States spacecraft carrying the Perseverance rover is set to land on Mars on Thursday and is depicted in this illustration [Courtesy: NASA]
If NASA successfully lands its fifth rover on Mars on Thursday, it will have delivered the Red Planet’s first microphones, its first aircraft, more cameras than ever before and a life-detecting duo known as SHERLOC and WATSON.
The Perseverance rover will also hopefully complete the initial step in an estimated 10-year effort to return samples of Martian rock back to Earth-bound researchers.
The rover carries a drill that can collect around 40 core samples, some 30 of which will be returned to Earth in the 2031 timeframe — though that plan could change.
With luck, however, scientists won’t have to wait a decade for evidence of early Martian life.
Perseverance has a laser spectrometer on board that will be able to examine rocks using different wavelengths of energy.
Attached to the end of Perseverance’s robotic arm, SHERLOC will scan rocks with deep-ultraviolet light to classify the organic materials, minerals and chemicals on their surfaces. The acronym stands for Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals.
WATSON, the Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering, will also take microscopic images of the rocks.
Data from these and other sensors will help scientists determine whether the rocks might contain signs of fossilized microbial life.
“The science we’re going to do is spectacular,” NASA’s Luther Beegle, SHERLOC’s principal investigator, told reporters during one of two virtual NASA press conferences Tuesday.
Landing on Mars
To increase the chances of finding traces of life, NASA chose a landing site in Mars’s Jezero Crater, a basin scientists believe once contained a lake that was fed by an ancient river.
The now-dry river delta and lake bottom are not smooth, however. There are boulders and sand dunes and the delta looks like a 76m (250-foot) cliff. That information is contained in the EDL or entry, descent and landing map, which will be used by Perseverance’s Terrain-Relative Navigation (TRN) system to avoid crashing.
Perseverance will take photos during the descent that TRN will compare to the map. If there’s a hazard at the likely landing spot, Perseverance can change its course.
“This map is the best hazard map we’ve ever created for our flight mission. And it has to be because this is the information that seeds the decisions that TRN is going to be making during Perseverance’s landing,” said Erisa Stilley, the NASA systems engineer for Perseverance’s EDL landing systems.
With its heat shield facing the planet, NASA’s Perseverance rover is shown beginning its descent through the Martian atmosphere in this illustration [Courtesy: NASA]TRN is a key tool in helping Perseverance get past the “seven minutes of terror” — the fiery period when the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere, transits through the atmosphere to the surface and then hopefully touches down safely.
“Landing on Mars is hard,” NASA said on its website. Of all the missions sent to Mars by any space agency, only about 40 percent have been successful, according to NASA.
A heat shield will protect Perseverance during reentry and a parachute will be used to sharply slow the spacecraft’s blistering descent. Then, like NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover before it, Perseverance will be lowered to the surface by a hovering “space crane” equipped with retrorockets.
The parachute, for which NASA had to develop a supersonic testing programme, is 70m (230 feet) across and made of Technora, Kevlar and nylon, said Adam Steltzner, Perseverance’s chief engineer.
‘A feast for the eyes and ears’
Once on the surface, Perseverance can use its collection of 25 cameras to take 360-degree colour photos, looking at Mars with both extraordinary reach and detail.
“We can resolve features on the millimetre scale close in to the rover and on the centimetre scale off at the distance. We can see, for example, something and resolve something the size of a housefly at the length of a football field,” said Jim Bell of Arizona State University in Tempe.
Bell is the principal investigator for the two Mastcam-Z cameras, each about the size of a can of tennis balls, that give Perseverance its stereo vision.
Perseverance will be bringing microphones to Mars for the first time, said Sylvestre Maurice, deputy principal investigator for the mission’s SuperCam suite, which comprises a camera, laser and spectrometers.
The microphones will enable scientists to hear the wind on Mars for the first time, which should give clues about turbulence in the atmosphere and temperature changes.
The laser hitting the rocks will also make sounds, said Maurice.
“By just listening to that, we can infer what is the hardness of the rock,” he explained.
“This mission is going to be a feast for the eyes and ears,” said Beegle.
Ingenuity’s debut
Perseverance will also be carrying a key innovation that will eventually help scientists get perspectives they cannot otherwise achieve — a petite, autonomous helicopter called Ingenuity.
Similar in appearance to a recreational drone found on Earth, Ingenuity is a technology demonstrator that will gather data on how the aircraft operates in an atmosphere that is “extremely thin — one percent compared to what we have at Earth,” said MiMi Aung, NASA’s Ingenuity project manager.
What is learned could help develop helicopters that could act as long-range scouts for rovers, get close-in photos of hard-to-reach locations like cliffsides and carry samples back to a central location.
“Larger versions could be an independent explorer directly talking to orbiters and relaying data back to Earth,” said Bob Ballerina, Ingenuity’s chief engineer, during a February webinar held by NASA and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
NASA’s Perseverance rover is shown landing safely on Mars in this illustration [Courtesy: NASA]Perseverance will be carrying other sensors and systems as well. RIMFAX, the Radar Imager for Mars’ subsurFAce eXperiment, is a ground-penetrating radar that will be able to “see” up to 10m (30 feet) beneath the surface.
“That allows us to actually better understand what the structure is beneath the surface that we can see and that we’re going to be driving over,” Lori Glaze, director of NASA’s Planetary Science Division, told Al Jazeera.
MOXIE, the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, is designed to convert carbon dioxide from Mars’ atmosphere to usable oxygen, a key capability for supporting broader exploration.
“Liquid oxygen is an excellent rocket propellant for the return trip on eventual human missions,” explained Jeff Sheehy, chief engineer at NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate.
By Andrew Aloia BBC Sport Last updated on 11 October 2021 11 October 2021 . From the section Football Watson was a trailblazer who helped transform how football was played There are two murals of black footballers facing one another across an alleyway in Glasgow. One helped shape football as we know it, the other is Pele. Andrew Watson captained Scotland to a 6-1 win over England on his debut in 1881. He was a pioneer, the world's first black international, but for more than a century the significance of his achievements went unrecognised. Research conducted over the past three decades has left us with some biographical details: a man descended of slaves and of those who enslaved them, born in Guyana, raised to become an English gentleman and famed as one of Scottish football's first icons. And yet today, 100 years on from his death aged 64, Watson remains something of an enigma, the picture built around him a fractured one. His grainy, faded, sepia image evokes many differen...
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