Like clergymen, scientists do not enjoy sharing their ignorance and failures with their audiences. In fact, up until Einstein wrote (in 1905) the three papers that would earn him the title “ man of the century ,” scientists were so sure they had figured out 98% of everything there is to figure out about the universe. For 300 years before Einstein, Newtonian physics was the unchallenged truth: there is matter (stuff) which is made of elements and compounds, then there is energy (gravity, magnetism, electricity, etc) which connects and steers matter, and of course there is a lot of void (vacuum or nothingness ). What was there not to understand? Well, a little before Einstein came to the scene, another scientist by the name of Max Planck was asking why metal, like iron, turned red when it was heated. Red is supposed to signify lesser energy than all the other colors in the electromagnetic spectrum. Then Einstein wrote the three papers that would explain Planck’s mystery and forever c...